By Meg Davis

At 5 pm, the crowd began to assemble on the square in front of the Messe Wien convention center. Some handed out signs reading "Broken promises kill" or "we are watching" over photos of giant eyeballs. Others wrestled in the wind with a black-and-white banner reading "No retreat, fund AIDS."

Two of our colleagues from China stood and stared, astounded. "I've never seen anything like it," said one. The other pulled out his camera and started snapping pictures of everything. A parade of red umbrellas trooped out, with protesters carrying them chanting "sex work is work!" And then, from the crowd, came a small line of Chinese gay rights activists carrying a banner that read in English and Chinese, "P.R. China Government, Keep Your Promises."

From above us, standing on a stone ledge, a man called out in excitement, "Hey, China's in the house!" The group of Chinese activists stood smiling side by side behind the banner while the cameras whirred and clicked, and beckoned us over to stand beside them with the Asia Catalyst banner. We were proud to do so. It wasn't the loudest protest on the plaza, but it may have been the most courageous one.

China is definitely in the house. Despite the overwhelming cost of travel to Vienna, there is finally a small but active group of activists here from around the country. Some came under their own steam; we're supporting another group of 6 Chinese AIDS activists, plus a translator who is a LGBT rights activist himself and who has been enormously helpful in helping people to get around the city. Our support ranges according to individual needs, from a full scholarship with daily help getting to the conference for one man who has never left China before, to just a local SIM card and map of the city for another who's an old hand.

With help from our three old friends at Korekata AIDS Law Center, we spent early Saturday morning cursing at pieces of tape, and now have set up and are staffing a small but neat and colorful Asia Catalyst booth in the Global Village (an area in the conference hall where NGOs, donors and others have exhibits). It's becoming a meeting spot and nice way to connect with dozens of colleagues from around the world. At the booth, we're handing out copies of our human rights mission kit, posters, and info from Chinese and Thai AIDS NGOs.

The recent move by Chinese AIDS activist Wan Yanhai from China to the U.S., along with advocacy by many others inside China and out, has created a new level of interest by donors and UN officials in meeting with and learning about Chinese AIDS NGOs. We're taking advantage of that to set up as many meetings as we can for the delegation, and encouraging them to seize every opportunity to meet new people, hand out their materials, and ask questions of speakers. The program kicks into high gear tomorrow, with meetings and talks from 9 am until well after 9 pm. We'll have more updates soon.

On July 5^th, China convened the first meeting of the Red Ribbon Forum, a gathering of government officials, NGOs and experts to discuss AIDS and human rights concerns. Mark Heywood, the chair of the UNAIDS Theme Group on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights, delivered a speech calling for more space for civil society. During an intense - and in China, unprecedented - discussion period, civil society representatives raised frank concerns about a range of human rights issues, including ongoing restrictions on civil society, and demands for compensation for the blood scandal that transmitted HIV to thousands of villagers. The full text of Heywood's speech follows.

The critical importance of engagement with civil society in national responses to HIV

Address by Mark Heywood 

Inaugural Meeting of the China Red Ribbon Beijing Forum, 

Xiaoxiang Hotel, Beijing, 5th

July 2010

I would like to start my presentation this morning by thanking you for inviting me to this historic occasion, and congratulating you on the bold decision to set up the Red Ribbon Forum. This is a great step forward, but obviously it will be measured and evaluated not only by what you achieve today, but what you achieve over the coming years as a result of this Forum.

I feel fortunate and privileged to be here today. This is my fourth visit to China, and on each occasion I have seen some progress in the recognition and capacity of civil society and in openness from Government to working with civil society. This is not to say that there are not challenges and problems.

I believe that I have been asked to address you on 'The importance of engagement with civil society' because I am a civil society leader from another developing country, South Africa. SA is also a growing political and economic partner of China, so it makes sense that we should also be social partners. I am therefore happy to share with you my views and experience. 

I am the Deputy Chairperson of the SA National AIDS Council (SANAC), which is a national forum between 18 civil society sectors and 8 government ministries, whose task is to advise the South African government on HIV/AIDS policy. It embodies the principle of civil society engagement. The chairperson is the Deputy President of our country, Mr Kgalema Motlanthe. I am also the director of an NGO on law and human rights, SECTION27, as well as an executive member of the Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), a social movement of people with HIV and AIDS. 

At times in the last decade, I have been a fierce critic of our government - we have taken it to court, demonstrated, been arrested - but ultimately, we achieved meaningful engagement and important results in the fight against HIV. We are also our government's strongest supporter when it does the right thing. This is the first point I want to make: civil society is independent from government, but it is not anti-government. "Criticism" is not necessarily "opposition". 

I hope to convince the government representatives here today that civil society is a critical component to an effective response to HIV. More than this, I want to persuade you not just to pay lip-service to this principle, but also to put it into practice - however challenging this may be in your culture and political environment. But I also want to do this in the context of today's discussion, which centres on human rights and HIV/AIDS, with the hope that this discussion will contribute to the meeting the objectives of the China Human Rights Action Plan (HRAP) on health. This Forum seems fully in keeping with the commitment of the HRAP which reads:

"Democratic and scientific decision-making will be promoted to expand public participation in the decision making process. In principle, public opinions will be solicited when laws, regulations or public policies which are closely related to the interests of the people are formulated. Institution building will be promoted for holding public hearings on the legislation of important laws and regulations, soliciting public opinion for the formulation of major policies and measures, and holding expert consultation or third party verification when making decisions over major issues."

From the above quotation it is clear that the State Council has recognised that civil society is required for effective governance and accountability in the response to AIDS.

Why work with civil society?

HIV is clearly a major threat to individual and public health, and the type of major policy question anticipated by the State Council. But why is it one that requires civil society engagement? To answer this question I think we must ask 'what does HIV/AIDS represent to our society?' The world is full of viruses, and generally it a rule that it is the poor and weak who suffer the most from preventable disease. However, HIV, more than other virus, exposes and exploits our weaknesses, because the people most vulnerable to HIV are people who are socially disempowered for man-made reasons: because their behavior is outlawed or stigmatized, or because they are socially or geographically marginalized, or (in some parts of the world) because they are women. Once someone is actually living with HIV, they then experience terrible stigma just because of their health status and the fear and ignorance that surround it.

HIV is like a lithograph that highlights all the fault lines in our society. Some people might think this is deserved punishment for people who deviate from social norms, that the fact that HIV affects the marginalized is all right because that means it does not affect 'us'. But this argument is unacceptable for two reasons.

Firstly and most importantly, as Justice Michael Kirby has already explained, we live in a world that is committed to equality, non-discrimination and the equal dignity and worth of all people, principles we protect through human rights. 

Secondly, the argument is flawed because if HIV is unchecked in some people it can end up posing a risk to all people. This is what happened in South Africa: HIV began in the most vulnerable populations (sex workers, migrant workers, men who have sex with men), but ended up as a virus that circulates widely within the general population (HIV prevalence in the population has reached nearly 11%). It is true that there are aggravating factors in SA that assisted this to happen and that it is unlikely to happen on the same scale in China, but the principle still stands, and even now the epidemiology of HIV in China is showing an evolution of the characteristics of the HIV epidemic. It is in this way that we see how individual rights and people's rights are connected: to protect the people you must protect the person.

To prevent this China's 2006 Regulations on AIDS Prevention and Treatment recognize that it is  essential to reach the currently at risk populations with information, education, condoms, as well as  medical treatment and care when necessary. However, Government cannot reach these at risk populations alone because:

·         Government has outlawed or marginalised these people, people are scared of government and do not trust it, and some government officials feel, that if they provide direct services to outlawed people they are also doing something illegal (this does not apply to all in government, but it also points to why government HIV/AIDS education is important).

·         There is a point in every society, even China, where government stops and people take over the running of their own lives. It is hard for government to penetrate beyond this line.

·         Many people at risk of HIV and many people already living with HIV are in hiding as a result of the severe social stigma that still exists linked to HIV infection in China -- for example, men who have sex with men.

However, whilst government may face barriers, there are organizations who work with those most affected by HIV. These organizations, what we loosely call 'civil society', are either formed by members of  these populations themselves (set up for a variety of reasons, sometimes for advocacy, sometimes for information, sometimes to provide care and support), or are organizations - based on human rights principles - that work to advance the interests of groups that are unable to speak for themselves. Fortunately, if you look around this room, some of these groups are represented here.

Another advantage of civil society is that it is able to see things that government cannot. The  controversy in November 2009 in Fuyang is an example of this. It was civil society organizations that first complained about discriminating language against MSM. But this was quickly resolved by both the local and national CDC. When NCAIDS spends money on HIV interventions, then it is in the interest of both the government and the people that this money is spent efficiently, effectively and in accordance with existing policy. If not, why spend it in the first place? It is in the nature of government officials to report positively about the delivery of services. Few government officials will say "we are delivering bad services"!  The recipients of these services are in a much better position to honestly report on the quality of the services.

Civil society can therefore be very important for ensuring accountability of government officials and their programs.

Therefore, in my view, any country that aims to tackle HIV/AIDS effectively requires a compact between civil society and the government.

What does working with civil society mean and require?

Let me speak briefly from my own experience, although the traditions of civil society in South Africa are different from the traditions in China. 

In my country civil society played an important part in the liberation struggle from white minority rule. As a result, civil society was very influential in the adoption of a constitution that explicitly recognizes that civil society has a role in government and that government must be continually accountable to civil society. As in China, the Constitution is our supreme law, but our constitution goes further by giving people express rights. 

Nonetheless, there are similarities between us. We are both developing economies. We are both trying to find ways to express our countries' rights and needs against the old powers. We are both committed to socio-economic rights and to raising the living standards of the millions of poor people in our countries.  We face similar legal, environmental, social and health challenges.

Five challenges

One of the recommendation of the 2009 WHO/UNAIDS Universal Access Mission to China is that civil society participation in joint assessment and UN General Assembly Special Session on AIDS (UNGASS) reviews be strengthened. I believe the Chinese government has accepted these recommendations. But what will this actually require?

In the concluding section of this address, I raise five points that I believe are necessary if the China Red Ribbon Beijing Forum is to result in an effective collaboration (compact) between civil society and government on HIV/AIDS. I realize that some of these points might be considered sensitive, but I raise them for constructive reasons and with respect for the Government of China:

1.  Space for civil society to operate legally and without interference

For civil society to be effective, it requires legal recognition that is granted easily and simply for its activities. In South Africa, my organization is registered under the Companies Act as a non-profit organization and under the Social Development Act as a public benefit organization. We are required to comply with ordinary laws, to publish annual financial statements, and to have proper systems for governance. Other than this, we attract no attention from the government. 

We conduct extensive human rights education and advocacy amongst the poorest and most vulnerable, but are able to do so without censorship or threat of closure.

Although we are meeting amicably today, I continue to hear reports of the problems some civil society organizations face in China with registration and allegations of harassment in their activities. Organizations that work on human rights like Aizhixing, Dongjen and Yirenping are an asset to China. Individuals like Wan Yanhai, Li Xige, Tian Xi, Zhu Longwei and others are vital for accountability and effectiveness in the AIDS response. 

If harassment continues, it will make it difficult to build trust and an effective partnership. Some have already said that this Forum is a sham. It is not sufficient for us to say that they are wrong, I think we should prove them wrong. I would appeal to the government in Beijing and the Provinces to continue with positive steps that are being taken to make it easier for BGOs to register and for the Ministry of Health to facilitate NGO registration, funding and scope for operation.

2.  Space for civil society to engage with government at all levels (national, provincial, county)

It is a step forward that today you are starting an engagement between government and civil society at a national level. However, when it comes to human rights, often the worst violations take place at a local level by local officials. Further, although we may talk a lot about HIV at a national level, the implementation of HIV programs takes place at a local level. Therefore it is essential that forums are also created at a local level for discussions on human rights and for measures to be agreed that protect the human rights of vulnerable populations.

3.  Training within government structures and the health system about the role of civil society & coordination and consistency between government departments

This point relates to the one above. It is not possible to create spaces for dialogue, partnership and action, if government officials resent or are suspicious of civil society. To overcome this requires engagement with and training of officials at lowers levels of government, particularly the police and health care workers. 

This challenge is not unique to China. In SA we have very good national structures and almost nothing at a local level. Very often health care workers stigmatize people with HIV. Police harassment of sex workers, who are also illegal in SA, adds to their vulnerability.

4.  Willingness by government to act on civil society's reports and recommendations where warranted

Engagement with civil society should not mean forming "talking shops" to act as pressure valves to let off steam. Recommendations should be seen to be considered by Government and actually result in positive changes. For example, this year the China Male Tongzhi Health forum, in their contribution to the China 2010 UNGASS report, have called for "more appropriate laws to ease HIV prevention work, better support mechanisms for grass roots organizations, and development of mechanisms for reporting human rights issues." How will these and other recommendations be responded to by Government?

5.  Funding to support independent civil society

Civil society cannot play its role without funding, as not-for-profit organizations can rarely generate their own funds. This makes them dependent on government, foreign donors and the Global Fund.

Almost all NGOs in China express concern about funding. For example, I am aware of the concern of a range of NGOs that the proportion of funding for NGOs from the Rolling Continuation Chanel (RCC) is too low, and that the Country Coordinating Mechanism (CCM) People Living with HIV (PLHATM)  and NGO working committees have assessed that only 12% of the RCC program budget is for NGOs. This is self-defeating for the RCC and needs to be changed. But I would argue that the Chinese government itself needs to fund, invest in and assist the sustainability of civil society. This is both an HIV prevention and treatment strategy.

I look forward to discussing with members of the Forum and the Interim Steering Committee how to make this Forum - a very significant initiative - into a process where Government and civil society are able to tackle and resolve many of the obstacles that are blocking an effective response to HIV in China.

Thank you.

The Vienna Declaration

• HIV epidemics fuelled by the criminalisation of people who use illicit drugs and by prohibitions on the provision of sterile needles and opioid substitution treatment.^{9, 10}
• HIV outbreaks among incarcerated and institutionalised drug users as a result of punitive laws and policies and a lack of HIV prevention services in these settings.^11-13
• The undermining of public health systems when law enforcement drives drug users away from prevention and care services and into environments where the risk of infectious disease transmission (e.g., HIV, hepatitis C & B, and tuberculosis) and other harms is increased.^14-16
• A crisis in criminal justice systems as a result of record incarceration rates in a number of nations.^{17, 18} This has negatively affected the social functioning of entire communities. While racial disparities in incarceration rates for drug offences are evident in countries all over the world, the impact has been particularly severe in the US, where approximately one in nine African-American males in the age group 20 to 34 is incarcerated on any given day, primarily as a result of drug law enforcement.¹⁹
• Stigma towards people who use illicit drugs, which reinforces the political popularity of criminalising drug users and undermines HIV prevention and other health promotion efforts.^{20, 21}
• Severe human rights violations, including torture, forced labour, inhuman and degrading treatment, and execution of drug offenders in a number of countries.^{22, 23}
• A massive illicit market worth an estimated annual value of US$320 billion.⁴ These profits remain entirely outside the control of government. They fuel crime, violence and corruption in countless urban communities and have destabilised entire countries, such as Colombia, Mexico and Afghanistan.⁴
• Billions of tax dollars wasted on a "War on Drugs" approach to drug control that does not achieve its stated objectives and, instead, directly or indirectly contributes to the above harms.²⁴

• Undertake a transparent review of the effectiveness of current drug policies.
• Implement and evaluate a science-based public health approach to address the individual and community harms stemming from illicit drug use.
• Decriminalise drug users, scale up evidence-based drug dependence treatment options and abolish ineffective compulsory drug treatment centres that violate the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.²⁶
• Unequivocally endorse and scale up funding for the implementation of the comprehensive package of HIV interventions spelled out in the WHO, UNODC and UNAIDS Target Setting Guide.²⁷
• Meaningfully involve members of the affected community in developing, monitoring and implementing services and policies that affect their lives.